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Updated: Aug 10, 2026

Fundamental Technical Elements of Freeze-fracture/Freeze-etch in Biological Electron Microscopy
Published on: September 11, 2014
Microbial inclusions with special reference to PHA inclusions and intracellular boundary envelopes
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA. rcfuller@biochem.umass.edu
Abstract:
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), in the form of metabolic storage reserves, are assembled in intracellular cytoplasmic inclusions, often called granules. This review discusses both the structure and function of this assembly. In addition an overview of other microbial cellular inclusions is presented. This is not a compilation of all such structures but a description of those that are similar in many ways to either the structure or function of the PHA inclusions and are made up of monolayer envelopes and their storage compounds. Not unique, such inclusions provide many similar examples which, in turn, provide useful analogies to the PHA inclusions. A study of the PHA inclusions has been carried out in a comparative electron microscope examination and by protein analysis of a number of organisms and E. coli transformants.
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