Performance on the California Verbal Learning Test after traumatic brain injury

The California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1987) data of 150 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were evaluated to determine the latent underlying constructs as well as the possibility of performance subtypes with criterion validity. Confirmatory factor analysis of eight competing latent variable models suggested that a four-factor model (composed of Attention Span, Learning Efficiency, Delayed Recall, and Inaccurate Recall) fit the data relatively well. Two-stage cluster analysis of marker variables of each of these four factors suggested the presence of four reliable subtypes. Level of performance differences between these clusters were related to injury severity parameters. It is concluded that the CVLT is a sensitive and mulitfactorial measure of learning and memory after TBI. Specific recommendations for interpretation of clinically obtained CVLT profiles are provided.