Three-dimensional computational reconstruction of mixed anatomical tissues following histological preparation

The creation of geometrically accurate computer models of anatomical structures with complex shape and mixed tissue types can be difficult. A method for shape reconstruction based on digital images of polymer embedded, serially sectioned specimens is presented. The distortion of bone and soft tissue specimens during all stages of histological preparation was measured. Serial sections of one specimen were stained with common histological stains to enhance the contrast between different tissue types. High-resolution digital images of these sections were then processed into a three-dimensional solid model using commercial software. Preparations containing bone and cartilaginous tissues were dimensionally stable following fixation, dehydration and embedding (shrinkage/expansion less than 2%). Staining was necessary to identify anatomical features that otherwise could not be differentiated from their surroundings. Although time consuming, this method provides cross-section images of a higher resolution than those obtained from CT or MRI scanning, and with better soft tissue visualisation.