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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
07:56

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Published on: October 10, 2020

The elbow, forearm, wrist and hand

Helliwell1

  • 1Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK.

Bailliere'S Clinical Rheumatology
|August 13, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Soft tissue disorders are categorized into specific syndromes (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome) and a non-specific pain disorder. Further research is needed for validated diagnostic criteria and understanding multifactorial causes.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Soft tissue disorders present diagnostic challenges, broadly classified into specific syndromes and a less-defined non-specific category.
  • Specific syndromes affect joints, muscles, or nerves, exhibiting distinct symptoms and signs like epicondylitis, wrist tendon issues, and nerve entrapments (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome).
  • The non-specific disorder is characterized by pain, potentially with associated muscular or nerve symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification and characteristics of soft tissue disorders.
  • To highlight the urgent need for validated diagnostic criteria and biological markers.
  • To discuss the multifactorial etiology and management principles, emphasizing psychosocial and environmental factors.

Main Methods:

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  • Literature review and synthesis of current understanding of soft tissue disorders.
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges and the search for biological markers.
  • Exploration of multifactorial etiology including pain, psychosocial, and environmental influences.

Main Results:

  • Two primary groups of soft tissue disorders identified: specific syndromes and a non-specific disorder.
  • Specific syndromes include conditions like epicondylitis, wrist tendon disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
  • The non-specific disorder is pain-predominant, with potential muscular or nerve symptoms; validated criteria and markers are lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Soft tissue disorders require better classification and diagnostic tools.
  • Future research should focus on identifying biological markers and understanding the complex interplay of factors contributing to these conditions.
  • Management strategies should move beyond isolated pain treatment to address multifactorial influences.