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Mechanically modulated cartilage growth may regulate joint surface morphogenesis.

J H Heegaard1, G S Beaupré, D R Carter

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, California 94305-4040, USA. heegaard@bonechip.stanford.edu

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|August 25, 1999
PubMed
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Mechanical forces during fetal development are crucial for normal joint formation. This study shows that joint motion and resulting mechanical stresses guide cartilage growth, leading to congruent joint surfaces.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Biomechanics
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Normal joint development in utero relies on mechanical function.
  • Paralyzed embryos exhibit abnormal diarthrodial joint surface topography.
  • The role of mechanical stress in regulating joint morphogenesis is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that mechanical stress distribution in functional joints modulates cartilage anlagen growth.
  • To explore how this modulation leads to the development of congruent articular surfaces.
  • To simulate human finger joint morphogenesis using a mathematical model.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a mathematical model for joint morphogenesis, simulating a human proximal interphalangeal joint (fetal days 55-70).

Related Experiment Videos

  • Defined a baseline biological growth rate proportional to chondrocyte density.
  • Incorporated mechanobiological growth modulation, where cyclic hydrostatic stress (compression slowing, tension accelerating growth) influences the baseline rate.

    • Main Results:

    • Simulations without mechanobiological modulation showed enlarged but incongruent convex joint surfaces.
    • Inclusion of mechanobiological growth modulation resulted in congruent articular surfaces (one convex, one concave).
    • The model produced an asymmetric sagittal profile, mimicking adult phalangeal bone morphology.

    Conclusions:

    • Mechanobiological influences from joint function are critical regulators of joint morphogenesis.
    • Mechanical stresses guide the development of congruent and functional articular surfaces.
    • Mathematical modeling provides insights into the interplay between mechanical forces and biological growth in joint development.