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Water chlorination and birth defects.

P Magnus1, J J Jaakkola, A Skrondal

  • 1Department of Population Health Sciences, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)
|September 1, 1999
PubMed
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Drinking water chlorination may increase the risk of birth defects. This study found a link between chlorination byproducts in drinking water and urinary tract defects in newborns.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Reproductive Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Chlorination of drinking water with organic matter generates byproducts with known mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.
  • Limited data exists on the teratogenic potential of these byproducts on the human fetus.
  • Natural organic matter in water influences the type and quantity of disinfection byproducts formed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between exposure to chlorinated drinking water and the occurrence of birth defects.
  • To assess the risk of specific malformations, including neural tube and urinary tract defects, in relation to water chlorination.
  • To evaluate the teratogenic effects of chlorination byproducts in a population with relatively low exposure levels.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Linked Norwegian waterworks registry data (1994) with the Medical Birth Registry (1993-1995).
  • Calculated population exposure to chlorination and weighted mean water color (indicator of organic matter) per municipality.
  • Conducted a case-control study analyzing 141,077 births, comparing defects in exposed versus reference groups.

    • Main Results:

    • An adjusted odds ratio of 1.99 (1.10-3.57) was observed for urinary tract defects in the chlorination-exposed group (high color water).
    • Increased odds ratios were also noted for any malformation (1.14) and neural tube defects (1.26), though not statistically significant.
    • The study identified a potential association between chlorinated humic water and specific birth defects.

    Conclusions:

    • Chlorination of drinking water containing natural organic matter may be a contributing factor to birth defects.
    • Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms and byproducts involved.
    • Findings suggest a need for evaluating water disinfection strategies to minimize potential fetal risks.