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Updated: Aug 17, 2026
An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach
Published on: December 7, 2016
Management of submacular hemorrhage with intravitreous tissue plasminogen activator injection and pneumatic
A S Hassan1, M W Johnson, T E Schneiderman
1W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor 48105, USA.
Objective:
To investigate the efficacy and safety of treating thick submacular hemorrhages with intravitreous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and pneumatic displacement.
Design:
Retrospective, noncomparative case series.
Participants:
From 5 participating centers, 15 eligible patients had acute (<3 weeks) thick subretinal hemorrhage involving the center of the macula in eyes with pre-existing good visual acuity. Hemorrhages were secondary to age-related macular degeneration in 13 eyes and macroaneurysm and trauma in 1 eye each.
Methods:
The authors reviewed the medical records of 15 consecutive patients who received intravitreous injection of commercial tPA solution (25-100 microg in 0.1-0.2 ml) and expansile gas (0.3-0.4 ml of perfluoropropane or sulfur hexafluoride) for thrombolysis and displacement of submacular hemorrhage. After surgery, patients maintained prone positioning for 1 to 5 days (typically, 24 hours).
Main Outcome Measures:
Degree of blood displacement from under the fovea, best postoperative visual acuity, final postoperative visual acuity, and surgical complications.
Results:
In 15 (100%) of 15 eyes, the procedure resulted in complete displacement of thick submacular hemorrhage out of the foveal area. Best postprocedure visual acuity improved by 2 lines or greater in 14 (93%) of 15 eyes. After a mean follow-up of 10.5 months (range, 4-19 months), final visual acuity improved by 2 lines or greater in 10 (67%) of 15 eyes and measured 20/80 or better in 6 (40%) of 15 eyes. Complications included breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage in three eyes and endophthalmitis in one eye. Four eyes developed recurrent hemorrhage 1 to 3 months after treatment, three of which were retreated with the same procedure.
Conclusions:
Intravitreous injection of tPA and gas followed by brief prone positioning is effective in displacing thick submacular blood and facilitating visual improvement in most patients. The rate of serious complications appears low. Final visual outcomes are limited by progression of the underlying macular disease in many patients.
