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Natural history of hypercholesterolemia in systemic lupus erythematosus
I N Bruce1, M B Urowitz, D D Gladman
1The University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, The Toronto Hospital, Western Division, Ontario, Canada.
Insights
In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sustained hypercholesterolemia within 3 years of diagnosis significantly increases the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) events. Early lipid-lowering therapy is crucial for high-risk individuals.
Area of Science:
- Rheumatology
- Cardiology
- Endocrinology
Background:
- Hypercholesterolemia is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with an increased risk of premature cardiovascular events.
- The natural history of hypercholesterolemia in early SLE and its impact on coronary artery disease (CAD) require further elucidation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the natural history of hypercholesterolemia in the first 3 years of disease in patients with SLE.
- To determine the influence of hypercholesterolemia on the subsequent development of CAD-related events in this cohort.
Main Methods:
- An inception cohort of 134 SLE patients was followed for 3 years.
- Patients were categorized into normal cholesterol, sustained hypercholesterolemia, and variable hypercholesterolemia groups.
- Time to first CAD-related event (myocardial infarction, angina, sudden death) was the primary outcome.
Main Results:
- Within 3 years, 75.4% of SLE patients had elevated total cholesterol (TC), with 40.3% having sustained hypercholesterolemia.
- Sustained hypercholesterolemia was predicted by cumulative steroid dose, lack of antimalarial therapy, and age at SLE onset > 35.
- CAD events occurred in 27.8% of the sustained hypercholesterolemia group versus 3% in the normal TC group (p=0.003).
Conclusions:
- Sustained hypercholesterolemia is common in early SLE and significantly predicts CAD events.
- Predictors include older age at onset, higher cumulative steroid dose, and absence of antimalarial therapy.
- Targeted, aggressive lipid-lowering therapy is recommended for SLE patients with sustained hypercholesterolemia.
Objective:
To determine the natural history of hypercholesterolemia in the first 3 years of disease in an inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) followed at a single center and to determine the influence of hypercholesterolemia on the subsequent development of coronary artery disease (CAD) related events.
Methods:
We identified patients who were seen at the University of Toronto lupus clinic within 1 year of diagnosis from January 1, 1974, to December 31, 1987, and who were seen at least once a year in the first 3 years. Patients were divided into 3 groups: Normal cholesterol: serum total cholesterol (TC) < 5.2 mmol/l throughout the 3 year period of study. Sustained hypercholesterolemia: at least one measurement of TC of > 5.2 mmol/l in each of the first 3 years at the clinic. Variable hypercholesterolemia: TC > 5.2 mmol/l in no more than 2 of the first 3 years of followup. Patients were followed from inception until the present day. The primary outcome was the time of the first CAD related event (myocardial infarction, angina, or sudden unexplained death).
Results:
One hundred thirty-four patients (118 women, 16 men) were studied: 33 (24.6%) had normal cholesterol, 54 (40.3%) had sustained hypercholesterolemia, and 47 (35.1%) had variable hypercholesterolemia. Using multiple logistic regression the best predictors of sustained hypercholesterolemia were cumulative dose of steroids, no antimalarial therapy, and age of onset of SLE > 35 years old. CAD related events occurred in 1 (3%) of the normal TC group, 3 (6.4%) of the variable group, and in 15 (27.8%) of the sustained group (p = 0.003), 79% of all CAD events occurred in the sustained group. The best predictors of CAD were sustained hypercholesterolemia, lung involvement, and age at onset of SLE > 35 years.
Conclusion:
Within 3 years of diagnosis, 75.4% of patients with SLE had elevated TC, which was sustained in 40.3% of all patients. Older age at onset as well as increased cumulative dose of steroids and no antimalarial therapy are significant predictors of this group. It is this group that experiences the majority of CAD related events. Aggressive lipid lowering therapy should be targeted at such patients.