Zonisamide
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 18, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
Published on: July 8, 2025
1Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55416, USA.
Abstract:
Zonisamide (ZNS) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug in both animal models of epilepsy and patients with epilepsy. It is effective for both localization-related and generalized epilepsies and appears to be particularly potent in progressive myoclonic epilepsy syndromes. Its pharmokinetic profile is favorable, with a long half-life and low protein binding. However, its insolubility may make the development of a parenteral formulation difficult. Its safety profile is good, although teratogenicity in animal models is of concern. Adult doses of 400-600 mg per day in two doses, with blood levels from 20 to 30 mg/ml, appear to be effective.
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