Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: rethinking diagnosis and treatment implications...

Children and adolescents who currently present for treatment frequently carry a principal diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in addition to other diagnoses. Many of these cases have long histories, are chronic, and are significantly complicated. Recognition of complicated cases requires rigorous diagnostic differentiation. Effective treatment and sustainable responses require individualized protocols that include integrated psychosocial and psychopharmacological interventions to minimize adverse reactions and enhance quality of life.