Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Videos

Impaired olfaction as a marker for cognitive decline: interaction with apolipoprotein E epsilon4 status.

A B Graves1, J D Bowen, L Rajaram

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612-3805, USA. agraves@hsc.usf.edu

Neurology
|October 26, 1999
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Is APOE ε4 required for Alzheimer's disease to develop in TREM2 p.R47H variant carriers?

Neuropathology and applied neurobiology·2018
Same author

Iron-Insensitive Quantitative Assessment of Subcortical Gray Matter Demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis Using the Macromolecular Proton Fraction.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology·2018
Same author

Susceptibility to neurofibrillary tangles: role of the PTPRD locus and limited pleiotropy with other neuropathologies.

Molecular psychiatry·2017
Same author

Letters to the editors.

Journal of general internal medicine·2016
Same author

The association of statin therapy with the risk of recurrent venous thrombosis.

Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH·2016
Same author

Genetic variation among 82 pharmacogenes: The PGRNseq data from the eMERGE network.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2016
Same journal

Teaching Video NeuroImage: Tardive Blepharoclonus.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Teaching NeuroImage: Latent Axonal Degeneration in Patient With Anterior Circulation Stroke.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Incidental DWI-Positive Lesions in 2 Cohorts of CAA and CADASIL: Prevalence, Distribution, and Associations With Clinical Variables.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Alpha-Synuclein Seed Amplification Assay in CSF, Skin, and Submandibular Gland From Incidental Lewy Body Disease and Parkinson Disease.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Digital Semiology.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Early Cerebral Edema Subtypes and Functional Outcome in Patients With Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: Insights From the CLOT-VENUS Registry.

Neurology·2026
See all related articles

Olfactory dysfunction, especially anosmia, predicts cognitive decline (CD) over two years. This risk is significantly higher in individuals with APOE-epsilon4 alleles, indicating a strong link between smell loss and future memory impairment.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cognitive decline (CD) is a growing public health concern, particularly in aging populations.
  • Early identification of individuals at risk for CD is crucial for timely intervention.
  • Olfactory function is known to decline with age, but its predictive value for CD requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between olfactory status and the prediction of cognitive decline over a two-year period.
  • To evaluate the utility of the Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT) in identifying individuals at risk for cognitive decline.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal community-based study of Japanese-Americans in King County, WA, between 1992-1994.
  • Baseline screening included the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) and the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT) in 1,985 non-demented participants.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Cognitive decline was defined as a 2-year loss of ≥5.15 points/100 on the CASI; apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotyping was performed on 69% of participants.

    • Main Results:

    • An increased odds ratio (OR) for CD was observed with each correct point increase on the CC-SIT (OR=0.90).
    • Compared to normosmics, anosmics had a significantly higher OR for CD (1.92).
    • Anosmia combined with at least one APOE-epsilon4 allele resulted in a 4.9-fold increased risk of CD, with higher risks noted in women (9.7-fold).
    • The CC-SIT demonstrated superior predictive ability (AUC=0.62) for CD compared to the CASI alone (AUC=0.51), and improved prediction when added to the CASI.

    Conclusions:

    • Unexplained olfactory dysfunction, particularly anosmia, in the presence of APOE-epsilon4 alleles is a significant risk factor for cognitive decline.
    • The CC-SIT is a valuable tool for classifying individuals with cognitive decline, outperforming a global cognitive test in predictive accuracy.