Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes of Bacillus subtilis: organization and regulation

In Bacillus subtilis, 14 of the 24 genes encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are regulated by tRNA-mediated antitermination in response to starvation for their cognate aminoacid. Their transcripts have an untranslated leader mRNA of about 300 nucleotides, including alternative and mutually exclusive terminator-antiterminator structures, just upstream from the translation initiation site. Following antitermination, some of these transcripts are cleaved leaving at the 5'-end of the mature mRNAs, stable secondary structures that can protect them against degradation. Although most B. subtilis aaRS genes are expressed as monocistronic mRNAs, the gltX gene encoding the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase is cotranscribed with cysE and cysS encoding serine acetyl-transferase and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, respectively. Transcription of gltX is not controlled by a tRNA, but tRNA(CyS)-mediated antitermination regulates the elongation of transcription into cysE and cysS. The full-length gltX-cysE-cysS transcript is then cleaved into a monocistronic gltX mRNA and a cysE-cysS mRNA.