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Updated: Aug 19, 2026

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
Published on: September 23, 2021
Extracellular vesicle-derived heat shock proteins as biotargets in cancer
C L Lim1, J J W Low1, M Z M Zulkifli2
1UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Abstract:
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are essential molecular chaperones that maintain protein homeostasis and protect cells under stress. Their extracellular functions have emerged as pivotal in cancer biology. Extracellularly released HSPs are selectively packaged through stress-responsive pathways and exhibit context-dependent effects within the tumor microenvironment. They can modulate immune cell functions, act as danger signals, and promote immune activation or suppression. Clinically, extracellular vesicle (EV)-HSPs demonstrate potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. It has been shown that they can outperform their soluble counterparts due to enhanced stability and tumor specificity. This mini-review aims to highlight findings related to the roles of EV-HSPs and their potential applications.
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