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Rhythms and complexity of respiration during sleep in pre-term infants
A Patzak1, B Schlüter, R Mrowka
1Johannes-Müller-Institut für Physiologie, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Insights
Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) exhibit faster respiratory rates and altered breathing patterns during sleep, suggesting a functional adaptation rather than a regulatory deficit. This impacts their risk for sudden infant death.
Area of Science:
- Neonatology
- Respiratory Physiology
- Pediatric Pulmonology
Background:
- Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) face increased risk of sudden infant death.
- Understanding respiratory control complexity in these infants is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate rhythmic and complex properties of respiratory control in preterm infants with BPD during sleep.
- To compare respiratory patterns between BPD infants and healthy controls.
Main Methods:
- Polygraphic recordings during quiet sleep (QS) and active sleep (AS) in 12 BPD infants and 12 controls.
- Analysis of respiratory rate (RR), spectral analysis (LF/HF ratio, LFF, HFF), and correlation dimension (D2).
- Measurement of transcutaneous oxygen (tcpO2), carbon dioxide (tcpCO2), and oxygen saturation (sO2).
Main Results:
- BPD infants showed significantly higher RR and HFF during QS.
- Lower tcpO2 and sO2 were observed in the BPD group.
- No group differences in LF/HF or D2; D2 was higher during AS, and LFF was lower during AS.
Conclusions:
- Accelerated breathing in BPD infants may be linked to lung mechanics and hypoxemia.
- Respiratory patterns suggest a functional adaptation, not a regulatory impairment.
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to test rhythmic and complex properties of respiratory control in former ventilated, pre-term infants during quiet and active sleep. The children had a higher risk for sudden infant death due to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Twelve infants suffering from BPD and 12 control infants, matched regarding their post-conceptional age, were examined polygraphically during quiet (QS) and active sleep (AS). The respiratory rate (RR), the ratio (LF/HF) between the low-frequency power (LF) and the high-frequency power (HF) of the spectra of the thoracic respiratory effort, and the frequency of the dominant peak within LF (LFF) and HF (HFF) were computed. The correlation dimension (D2) of the respiratory signal was calculated to determine the complexity of the respiratory control. The transcutaneous pO2 (tcpO2) and pCO2 and the oxygen saturation (sO2) were analysed. Infants with BPD had significantly higher RR and HFF during QS (median: BPD 48 breaths min-1; control 32 breaths min-1). tcpO2 and sO2 were significantly lower in the BPD group. No differences were found in LF/HF, LFF or D2 between groups, either in QS or in AS. D2 ranged between 1.8 and 3.8, showing significantly higher values during AS. LFF was found to be lower during active sleep (AS 0.04-0.05 Hz; QS about 0.06 Hz). We propose that in infants with BPD the lower lung compliance and the higher resistance, and possibly also the hypoxaemia, contribute to the acceleration of breathing. The behaviour of RR, spectral parameters and D2 indicates a specific, functional setting rather than a regulatory impairment in infants with BPD.