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Related Concept Videos

Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
07:30

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Published on: September 4, 2017

Synaptic vesicle biogenesis.

M J Hannah1, A A Schmidt, W B Huttner

  • 1MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, UK.

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
|December 28, 1999
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synaptic vesicle formation and recycling involve distinct protein machineries. Clathrin mediates budding, while dynamin and SH3p4 facilitate fission, offering insights into neuronal protein trafficking.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

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Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Synaptic vesicles are crucial for neurotransmission and serve as models for membrane trafficking.
  • Their formation and recycling occur at neuronal peripheries, involving a specific set of proteins.
  • Synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs) in neuroendocrine cells provide additional models for studying these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular machinery governing synaptic vesicle and SLMV formation and recycling.
  • To differentiate the mechanisms of membrane budding and fission in vesicle formation.
  • To understand the protein trafficking pathways essential for neuronal function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cell-free systems to dissect the cytoplasmic machinery of vesicle formation.
  • Employed various experimental approaches to study synaptic vesicle and SLMV trafficking.
  • Investigated the roles of specific proteins in membrane budding and fission.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct protein machineries responsible for membrane budding and fission.
  • Clathrin and its adaptors were found to mediate the budding process.
  • Dynamin and its interacting protein SH3p4 (a lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase) were identified as key players in membrane fission.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic vesicle and SLMV formation/recycling involve coordinated, yet distinct, protein machineries for budding and fission.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides critical insights into neuronal protein trafficking and vesicle dynamics.
  • The identified proteins, clathrin, dynamin, and SH3p4, are central to vesicle biogenesis and recycling at the synapse.