Dynamics of influenza A drift: the linear three-strain model
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Updated: Oct 3, 2026

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
Published on: January 20, 2017
J Lin1, V Andreasen, S A Levin
1Department of Physics, Washington College, Chestertown, MD 21620, USA. juan.lin@washcoll.edu
Abstract:
We analyze an epidemiological model consisting of a linear chain of three cocirculating influenza A strains that provide hosts exposed to a given strain with partial immune cross-protection against other strains. In the extreme case where infection with the middle strain prevents further infections from the other two strains, we reduce the model to a six-dimensional kernel capable of showing self-sustaining oscillations at relatively high levels of cross-protection. Dimensional reduction has been accomplished by a transformation of variables that preserves the eigenvalue responsible for the transition from damped oscillations to limit cycle solutions.
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