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Basis for presentation of acid-base in two dimensions

J L Gamble1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.

The American Journal of Physiology
|January 22, 2000
PubMed

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Acid-Base Titration Curves

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Ladder Diagrams: Acid–Base Equilibria

Understanding the chemistry between the reagents is necessary for performing any experiment. To this end, scientists have designed a tool called a ladder diagram, which is a graphical representation that helps illustrate the chemistry of a system.
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Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
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Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
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