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Updated: Aug 7, 2026

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function
Published on: January 29, 2013
[Non-invasive evaluation of extracranial and intracranial vascular disease]
A M Forteza1, J G Romano, R E Latchaw
1Departamento de Neurología, Universidad de Miami, Florida, USA. AForteza@med.miami.edu
Introduction:
Over the last 10 years the diagnosis of chronic and acute cerebrovascular disorders has been greatly improved. We have available now not only better anatomical imaging methods that allow a more precise localization and subtyping of the problem, but also physiological methods that look at the function and interaction between the brain's parenchyma and its perfusion.
Development:
In this article the utility and clinical indications of ultrasonography (duplex and Transcranial Doppler) including the modern techniques of embolus detection are described. Also discussed are Magnetic resonance angiography, perfusion-diffusion magnetic resonance, computed tomographic angiography (angio-CT), single photon emission tomography (SPECT). Clinical examples of real cases exemplify the use of these techniques.
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