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Related Concept Videos

Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:25

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
In 1825, Faraday isolated benzene...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent01:23

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism01:18

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene hydroperoxide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay
10:49

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay

Published on: September 7, 2015

Benzene accumulation in horticultural crops.

C D Collins1, J N Bell, C Crews

  • 1T.H. Huxley School of Environment, Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK. c.collins@ic.ac.uk

Chemosphere
|February 9, 2000
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Benzene exposure in apple, blackberry, and cucumber crops showed fruit retention, with accumulation in blackberry and apple leaves. Food chain ingestion of benzene is not significant based on this study.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Agricultural Science
  • Food Safety

Background:

  • Benzene is a common environmental pollutant with potential human health risks.
  • Understanding benzene uptake in food crops is crucial for assessing dietary exposure.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated benzene retention and accumulation in diverse crop types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the retention and accumulation of benzene in apple, blackberry, and cucumber crops.
  • To explore the factors influencing benzene uptake in different plant tissues (fruits and leaves).
  • To evaluate the significance of the food-chain pathway for benzene ingestion.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled exposure of apple, blackberry, and cucumber crops to elevated benzene levels.
  • Quantification of benzene retention in fruits and accumulation in leaves.
  • Comparative analysis of benzene distribution across different crop types and tissues.

Main Results:

  • Benzene was retained in the fruits of all tested crops (apple, blackberry, cucumber).
  • Benzene specifically accumulated in the leaves of blackberry and apple plants.
  • Cucumber fruit retention is possibly due to deeper tissue, hindering benzene desorption.

Conclusions:

  • Benzene retention occurs in crop fruits, with leaf accumulation observed in specific species.
  • Tissue depth may influence benzene retention dynamics in cucumber fruits.
  • Dietary exposure to benzene through the food chain is considered insignificant based on these findings.