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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

Vaccine Production

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Antibacterial activity of adriamycin against bacillus Calmette-Guerin.

Oncology reports·2011

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Development of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine: review of the historical and biochemical evidence for a genealogical tree.

Tubercle and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2001

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Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

[BCG vaccination in the world].

¹Japan BCG Laboratory, Japan.

Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]

|February 26, 2000

Summary

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is widely used globally for tuberculosis prevention, with varied implementation strategies in developing and developed nations. Operational research for optimizing BCG use is crucial as new vaccines are years away.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Public Health
Infectious Diseases

Context:

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a cornerstone in global tuberculosis (TB) prevention strategies.
Vaccination coverage and program implementation vary significantly across different countries and economic regions.
Official organizations like the WHO, IUATLD, and CDC provide guidelines for BCG vaccination programs.

Purpose:

To summarize the global BCG vaccination programs and coverage.
To analyze the differences in BCG implementation between developing and developed countries.
To discuss the ongoing debates on BCG efficacy and safety, and the future of TB vaccines.

Summary:

BCG vaccination is extensively used worldwide for tuberculosis prevention, with intradermal injection in newborns being common in developing nations, while developed countries tailor programs based on TB prevalence.

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

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Developed countries like Japan, the UK, France, and Russia employ general BCG vaccination policies, with some offering revaccination, while others, like the US, recommend it selectively.

Despite discussions on BCG efficacy and the development of new vaccines, optimizing current BCG usage through operational research remains a practical priority in the short term.

Impact:

Provides a comprehensive overview of global BCG vaccination practices.
Highlights the need for context-specific approaches to TB prevention.
Emphasizes the continued relevance of BCG and the importance of operational research in public health