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Updated: Aug 6, 2026

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina
Published on: May 6, 2015
Spatial summation in human cone mechanisms from 0 degrees to 20 degrees in the superior retina
V J Volbrecht1, E E Shrago, B E Schefrin
1Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1876, USA. vickiv@lamar.colostate.edu
Abstract:
The maximum area of complete spatial summation (i.e., Ricco's area) for human short-wavelength-sensitive-(S-) and long-wavelength-sensitive- (L-) cone mechanisms was measured psychophysically at the fovea and at 1.5 degrees , 4 degrees , 8 degrees , and 20 degrees along the vertical meridian in the superior retina. Increment thresholds were measured for three observers by a temporal two-alternative forced-choice procedure. Test stimuli ranging from -0.36 to 4.61 log area (min2) were presented on concentric 12.3 degrees adapting and auxiliary fields, which isolated either an S- or an L-cone mechanism on the plateau of its respective threshold versus intensity function. Test flash durations were 50 and 10 ms for the S- and L-cone mechanisms, respectively. The data indicate that, from 0 degrees to 20 degrees, Ricco's area increases monotonically for the L-cone mechanism, is variable for the S-cone mechanism, and is larger for the S-cone mechanism than for the L-cone mechanism for essentially all retinal locations. This pattern of results most likely reflects differences in ganglion cell density and changes in neural convergence with retinal eccentricity.
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