The potential mechanism for the effect of heparin on tissue plasminogen activator-mediated plasminogen activation

The effects and possible role of heparin on tissue plasminogen activator-mediated plasminogen activation was thoroughly investigated. Direct analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that heparin increased the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Experiments by fluorescence quenching suggested that the stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator activity probably was due to a direct binding of heparin to tissue plasminogen activator, causing a conformational change of tissue plasminogen activator and rendering it more accessible to plasminogen interaction. The absence of additive stimulation effects on tissue plasminogen activator-mediated plasminogen activation when both heparin and fibrinogen were present also implied that both compounds interacted with tissue plasminogen activator via the same domain; it appeared to be most likely via the kringle-2 domain in tissue plasminogen activator based on studies using epsilon-aminocaproic acid as an inhibitor. Unlike heparin-induced stimulation of antithrombin-thrombin interaction, the heparin-induced stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator did not seem to follow a template model. Only in the presence of a high plasminogen or a low tissue plasminogen activator concentration, massive stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator activity was observed via a pseudotemplate model. The results suggest that precautions concerning high heparin dose should be given during its conjunctive clinical use with tissue plasminogen activator in thrombolytic therapy to reduce the risk of hemorrhage.