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Related Concept Videos

Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins02:26

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
A limited set of protein domains often duplicate and recombine during evolution. These domains can be organized in different combinations to form...
Conserved Binding Sites01:49

Conserved Binding Sites

Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
Binding sites are often located in large pockets, and if their location on a protein’s surface is unknown, it can be predicted using various approaches. The energetic method computationally analyses the...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
12:31

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

Developmental patterning genes and their conserved functions: from model organisms to humans.

A Veraksa1, M Del Campo, W McGinnis

  • 1Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.

Molecular Genetics and Metabolism
|March 18, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Evolutionary developmental biology reveals conserved genetic systems across diverse animals. Understanding these developmental patterning genes, like Hox, Pax6, and Nkx2.5, is crucial for human development and birth defect research.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Genetics
  • Human Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Over 20 years of research shows common genetic systems for embryonic patterning in animals.
  • These conserved systems are fundamental to understanding metazoan development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review conserved functions of developmental patterning genes.
  • To highlight their relevance to human pathological conditions.
  • To explore current research frontiers in developmental genetics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular and genetic evidence.
  • Focus on conserved genetic systems including Hox, Pax6, and Nkx2.5.
  • Analysis of model genetic organisms (e.g., Drosophila) for insights into human development.

Main Results:

  • Identified conserved roles of developmental patterning genes across species.
  • Detailed the function of the Hox system in anterior-posterior axis specification.
  • Described the roles of Pax6 in eye and Nkx2.5 in heart development.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge from model organisms aids understanding of human morphogenesis.
  • Conserved developmental genes are implicated in the genetic basis of birth defects.
  • Further research into these genes can elucidate human developmental pathologies.