Standardisation of 210Pb

The standardisation of 210Pb is complicated by the presence of the daughters, 210Bi and 210Po. In addition, the low energies of the beta emissions from 210Pb make it difficult to obtain high detection efficiencies in an atmospheric proportional counter and hence produce the need for large extrapolations with consequential large uncertainties when extrapolating to unit efficiency with the conventional 4pi(PC)-gamma-coincidence technique. In order to produce a reliable standardisation, it is necessary to remove the daughter products. A solution of 210Pb was therefore chemically separated from its daughters and then standardised using the conventional 4pi(LS)-gamma-coincidence technique. The low energy (46 keV) and low emission probability (4%) of the associated photon emissions effectively rules out the possibility of using ionisation chambers as secondary standard transfer instruments for this nuclide. A germanium spectrometer therefore was calibrated for this purpose using 241Am as a normalising agent. The results of this work are presented together with an analysis of the standardisation uncertainties that can be achieved in practice.