Preparation and characterization of apatite deposited on silk fabric using an alternate soaking process

Apatite-deposited silk fabric composite materials were developed using a new alternate soaking process. The characteristics of deposited apatite were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Apatite weight increased with alternating soaking in a calcium solution [200 mM aqueous calcium chloride solution buffered with tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and HCl (pH 7.4)] and a phosphate solution (120 mM aqueous disodium hydrogenphosphate) changed every hour. SEM showed that apatite deposited after 21 or more repeated soakings was over 20 microm thick. XRD showed that with alternate soakings, the apatite crystals deposited on silk fabric elongated along the c axis. FTIR and XPS indicated the existence of carbonate, HPO(4)(2-), and Na(+) ions in addition to constituent ions of hydroxyapatite. A loss of HPO(4)(2-) and Na(+) ions in the deposit upon further soaking might be associated with an increasing apatite crystallinity. Apatite deposited on silk by the alternate soaking process was a deficient apatite containing carbonate, HPO(4)(2-), and Na(+) ions as in a natural bone tissue. Thus, this apatite-silk composite material might be potentially bioactive.