Power comparison of parametric and nonparametric linkage tests in small pedigrees

When the mode of inheritance of a disease is unknown, the LOD-score method of linkage analysis must take into account uncertainties in model parameters. We have previously proposed a parametric linkage test called "MFLOD," which does not require specification of disease model parameters. In the present study, we introduce two new model-free parametric linkage tests, known as "MLOD" and "MALOD." These tests are defined, respectively, as the LOD score and the admixture LOD score, maximized (subject to the same constraints as MFLOD) over disease-model parameters. We compared the power of these three parametric linkage tests and that of two nonparametric linkage tests, NPLall and NPLpairs, which are implemented in GENEHUNTER. With the use of small pedigrees and a fully informative marker, we found the powers of MLOD, NPLall, and NPLpairs to be almost equivalent to each other and not far below that of a LOD-score analysis performed under the assumption the correct genetic parameters. Thus, linkage analysis is not much hindered by uncertain mode of inheritance. The results also suggest that both parametric and nonparametric methods are suitable for linkage analysis of complex disorders in small pedigrees. However, whether these results apply to large pedigrees remains to be answered.