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The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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An Implantable System For Chronic In Vivo Electromyography
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Laryngeal synkinesis revisited.

R L Crumley1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA.

The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
|April 25, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Laryngeal synkinesis, a condition following recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, is classified into four types based on vocal fold function. This classification aids in understanding and managing these complex neurological disorders.

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Laryngeal synkinesis, first described in 1982, is crucial for diagnosing and treating recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injuries.
  • It explains various vocal fold motion impairments, including hyperadduction, hyperabduction, spasmodic disorders, and tremors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a functional classification of laryngeal synkinesis.
  • To enhance the understanding of pathophysiology and management following RLN injury.

Main Methods:

  • Review of mechanisms of laryngeal synkinesis post-RLN injury.
  • Development of a functional classification system based on vocal fold behavior and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Laryngeal synkinesis is categorized into four types: Type I (satisfactory voice/airway, poor mobility), Type II (spasmodic folds, unsatisfactory voice/airway), Type III (hyperadducted folds, airway compromise), and Type IV (hyperabducted folds, poor voice, aspiration risk).

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  • This classification distinguishes between favorable and unfavorable outcomes of immobile vocal folds after RLN injury.

    • Conclusions:

    • The proposed functional classification of laryngeal synkinesis improves understanding of post-RLN injury pathophysiology.
    • It provides a scientific foundation for guiding therapeutic strategies and patient management.