Digital data and the 19th century teratology collection

The golden age of descriptive teratology (congenital anomalies) was between 1750 and 1850. During that period, the study of human congenital malformations, especially those dramatic examples designated as 'monsters', attracted special attention. One of the finest collections in this field was Museum Vrolikianum, the collection of father and son, Gerardus (1775-1859) and Willem Vrolik (1801-1863). Willem, a specialist in teratology, described many of these specimens in his Handbook of Pathological Anatomy (1844) and his teratology atlas Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mammaliam tam naturalem quam abnormem (1849). This collection is still an integral part of the Museum Vrolik in the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam. From 1991 to 1994, the collection of congenital anomalies was re-catalogued and re-described according to contemporary syndromological views. We diagnosed rare syndromes with multiple congenital anomalies, rare skeletal dysplasias, closure defects of the neural tube and conjoined and acardiac twins. We came to the conclusion that some anomalies of the conditions diagnosed have been reported only a few times. Certain cases demonstrate relationships between different malformations, and provide critical 'missing links' in the teratological series. For the diagnosis of the clinical syndromes in some of the specimens magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), spiral CT and radiographical techniques were of crucial importance and are discussed in this paper.