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Factors associated with early menopause.

B L Harlow1, L B Signorello

  • 1Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. bharlow@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

Maturitas
|May 10, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Understanding factors influencing premature menopause is key. Cigarette smoking significantly hastens menopause, while factors like oral contraceptive use and parity may delay it.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive endocrinology and women's health.

Background:

  • Premature decline in ovarian function can lead to infertility and long-term health issues like osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to estrogen deficiency.
  • Identifying factors contributing to early menopause is crucial for preventative strategies and managing associated health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on factors associated with an early onset of natural menopause.
  • To inform potential interventions aimed at preserving fecundity and mitigating long-term health consequences of estrogen deficiency.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
  • Evidence regarding various proposed factors was summarized and analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Cigarette smoking was found to accelerate menopause by up to one year.
  • Shorter menstrual cycles correlate with earlier age at natural menopause (ANP), while oral contraceptive use and higher parity are associated with a later ANP.
  • The impact of major depression, body mass index, handedness, and other demographic factors on ANP remains unclear or lacks substantial evidence.

Conclusions:

  • Several factors influencing the age at natural menopause have been identified.
  • Further research is warranted to fully understand these factors and explore other potential influences on ovarian function decline.

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