The potential of acetaminophen as a prodrug in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy

Acetaminophen is oxidized by human CYP1A2 to the cytotoxic metabolite N-acetylbenzoquinoneimine (NABQI). Incubation of cells transfected with human CYP1A2 (H1A2 MZ cells) with 4-20 mM acetaminophen for 6 hours at 37 degrees C caused extensive cytotoxicity (cell viability <10%). In contrast, nontransfected V79 MZ cells were unaffected (viability >95%). By mixing H1A2 MZ cells with V79 MZ cells in various proportions and incubating with 4 mM acetaminophen, it was shown that the NABQI released from H1A2 MZ cells also caused cytotoxicity of bystander cells. Thus, in a mixture containing 5% H1A2 MZ cells, exposure to 4 mM acetaminophen for 6 hours resulted in complete cell killing by 24 hours. A similar bystander effect was found by incubating the same proportion of CYP1A2-containing cells with ovarian tumor-derived SK-OV-3 cells or colon tumor-derived HCT116 cells. However, breast tumor-derived MDA-MB-361 cells displayed resistance to the cytotoxic effect of NABQI, and it was necessary to increase the proportion of H1A2 MZ cells to 50% to achieve complete cell killing. In conclusion, the use of acetaminophen as prodrug and CYP1A2 as an activating enzyme is a promising combination for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.