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Molecular basis of gynecological cancer
D A Spandidos1, D N Dokianakis, G Kallergi
1Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Abstract:
Alterations in the cellular genome affecting the expression or function of genes controlling cell growth and differentiation are considered to be the main cause of cancer. Genes that cause cancer are of two distinct types: oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes. The normal proto-oncogene can be converted into an active oncogene by deletion or point mutation in its coding sequence, gene amplification, and by specific chromosome rearrangements. Mutations and abnormal expression in ras, myc, c-erbB-2, and other oncogenes have been reported in several types of gynecological cancer. Onco-suppressor genes are involved in gynecological cancer, their functions are localized in different phases of the cell cycle. Structural changes and deletions of these genes can cause cancer. Mutations in the p53, BRCA1, DCC, and PTEN genes have been reported in gynecological cancers such as ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer. Human papillomaviruses are of major interest because specific types (HPV-16, -18, and several others) have been identified as causative agents in at least 90% of cancers of the cervix. In this study we summarize the available information regarding the implication of specific oncogenes, onco-suppressor genes, and HPV in the development of female genital malignancies.
Insights
Cancer arises from genetic alterations. This study reviews oncogenes, onco-suppressor genes, and human papillomaviruses (HPV) in female genital cancers, highlighting their roles in disease development.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Molecular Biology
- Genetics
Background:
- Cancer development is linked to alterations in genes controlling cell growth and differentiation.
- Two main gene types implicated are oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes.
- Specific gene mutations and viral infections contribute to various cancers.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of oncogenes, onco-suppressor genes, and human papillomaviruses (HPV) in female genital malignancies.
- To summarize current information on genetic and viral factors in gynecological cancer development.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on genetic alterations and viral involvement in gynecological cancers.
- Analysis of reported mutations in oncogenes (e.g., ras, myc) and onco-suppressor genes (e.g., p53, BRCA1).
- Examination of the role of specific HPV types in cervical cancer etiology.
Main Results:
- Mutations and abnormal expression of oncogenes like ras and myc are found in gynecological cancers.
- Onco-suppressor genes (p53, BRCA1, DCC, PTEN) show mutations in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers.
- High-risk HPV types (HPV-16, -18) are causative agents in over 90% of cervical cancers.
Conclusions:
- Oncogenes, onco-suppressor genes, and HPV are critical factors in the development of female genital cancers.
- Understanding these genetic and viral implications is key for diagnosing and treating gynecological malignancies.
- Further research into these pathways can inform targeted therapeutic strategies.