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Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

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Published on: January 25, 2019

Long-axis rotation: the missing link in proximal-to-distal segmental sequencing.

R N Marshall¹, B C Elliott

¹Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.

Journal of Sports Sciences

|May 29, 2000

Summary

Long-axis rotations of the upper arm and forearm are crucial for generating racquet head speed in sports like tennis and squash. Traditional proximal-to-distal sequencing models do not fully capture these complex movements.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Sports Science
Human Movement Analysis

Background:

Proximal-to-distal sequencing is a common model for analyzing segmental movements in sports.
The role of long-axis rotations in generating speed has been less understood.
Previous studies focused on linear speeds and joint angular velocities.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify and locate the role of long-axis rotations in the proximal-to-distal sequence.
To examine the timing and importance of upper arm internal-external rotation and pronation-supination in racquet head speed.
To evaluate traditional sequencing concepts against observed movement patterns.

Main Methods:

Analysis of segmental sequencing in throwing, striking, and kicking motions.
Kinematic analysis of tennis serves and squash forehand drives.
Quantification of upper arm and forearm long-axis rotations.

Main Results:

Long-axis rotations (upper arm internal-external rotation, forearm pronation-supination) peaked late in the motion.
These rotations occurred after major joint movements like shoulder flexion-extension and elbow extension.
The findings confirm the significant contribution of long-axis rotations to racquet head speed.

Conclusions:

Traditional proximal-to-distal sequencing is insufficient to explain the mechanics of tennis serves and squash drives.
Upper limb long-axis rotations are essential for producing maximal racquet head speed.
Incorporating analysis of these rotations is vital for coaching, training, and injury prevention.