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Gender, affiliation, assertion, and the interactive context of parent-child play.

C Leaper1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064-1077, USA. cam@cats.ucsc.edu

Developmental Psychology
|June 1, 2000
PubMed
Summary
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This study examined gender socialization in young children by observing parent-child play with gender-typed toys. Findings show play activities significantly influence children's gender-related behaviors and social interactions.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Gender Studies

Background:

  • Understanding the early socialization processes that shape gender roles is crucial for child development.
  • Parent-child interactions provide a key context for learning and internalizing societal gender norms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how gender-typed toy play influences children's and parents' affiliative and assertive behaviors.
  • To explore potential differences in gender socialization across various ethnic backgrounds.

Main Methods:

  • Videotaped observations of 98 U.S. children (mean age 48 months) and their parents playing with feminine- and masculine-stereotyped toys.
  • Behavioral coding of affiliation (engaging/distancing) and assertion (direct/nondirect) in parent-child interactions every 5 seconds.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of behavioral data in relation to toy type, parent gender, child gender, and child ethnicity.

    • Main Results:

    • Play activities significantly predicted variations in parents' and children's affiliation and assertion levels.
    • Observed gender-related behavioral differences aligned with some hypotheses regarding gender socialization.
    • Exploratory analyses indicated ethnic variations in parent-child interaction patterns during play.

    Conclusions:

    • The study underscores the significant role of play activities and the home environment in shaping children's gendered behaviors.
    • Findings highlight the interplay of role modeling and activity settings in the social construction of gender.
    • Results suggest that gender socialization is influenced by both universal and culturally specific factors.