Indian hedgehog signaling in extraembryonic endoderm and ectoderm differentiation in ES embryoid bodies

We previously demonstrated that a member of the Hedgehog gene family, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), is expressed in the visceral endoderm of EC and ES cell embryoid bodies and mouse embryos. Overexpression studies suggested that Ihh was involved in visceral endoderm differentiation. We now provide evidence for a Hh response in the embryoid body core and in the mesothelial layer of the visceral yolk sac. We also demonstrate that treatment of ES embryoid bodies with the Hh antagonists cAMP and forskolin results in downregulation of the Hh response and altered embryoid body differentiation. The outer endoderm layer undergoes a transition to parietal endoderm while formation of an embryonic ectoderm layer surrounding a cavity is inhibited. These treatments also result in a decrease in the expression of markers for the mesoderm derivatives, blood and endothelial cells. We present a model to explain how Ihh and BMP signaling may regulate extraembryonic endoderm and embryonic ectoderm differentiation.