Protein kinase C isozymes and substrates in mammary carcinogenesis

Protein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of ubiquitously expressed phospholipid-dependent enzymes that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Several effectors that modify mammary cell biology work at least partially through PKC-dependent pathways. Studies with mammary epithelial cells and tissues have demonstrated probable roles for the PKCs in processes associated with carcinogenesis including proliferation, estrogen sensitivity, and apoptosis. The involvement of PKCs in this wide variety of responses may in part be explained by the expression of multiple PKCs in breast tissue and the possibility that individual PKCs selectively phosphorylate different proteins and preferentially mediate different biological responses. Further understanding of the role of individual PKCs in mammary cell growth and tumor promotion/progression is likely to lead to new insights for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.