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Updated: Aug 27, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
Published on: April 24, 2017
Defense mechanisms in psychology today. Further processes for adaptation
1Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA. phebe.cramer@williams.edu
Abstract:
Although the concept of the defense mechanism was rejected from academic psychology for a number of years, recent empirical studies show renewed interest in defenses. Cognitive psychologists have confirmed the existence of unconscious psychological processes, a requisite for defenses. Developmental, personality, and social psychologists have all found evidence for defense mechanisms that explicate psychological functioning. The relevance of this new information for clinical practice is discussed.
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