Bone lead concentrations assessed by in vivo X-ray fluorescence

The assessment of past chronic lead exposure is difficult. Chronic lead burden is not always correctly assessed using laboratory-based tests that are useful for acute or recent exposures. We describe a case of suspected chronic lead exposure that illustrated the need for improved and possibly noninvasive methods to determine cumulative lead body burden. X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) is discussed as a method to obtain in vivo bone lead measurements. We discuss the potential of such measurements as accurate biomarkers of cumulative exposure and whether XRF can be used for retroactive exposure assessment or to predict risk of future health problems.