One- and two-dimensional pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy: concepts and applications.

Area of Science:

• Spectroscopy
• Analytical Chemistry
• Materials Science

Background:

• Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) applications were rare in the early 1980s.
• Significant advancements in instrument development and pulse-sequence design have occurred over the last two decades.
• Commercial availability of pulse-EPR spectrometers has increased accessibility for research groups.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an overview of state-of-the-art pulse EPR and ENDOR spectroscopy.
• To discuss selected experiments and illustrate the potential of these methods.
• To highlight the rapid expansion and increasing applications of pulse EPR and ENDOR.

Main Methods:

• Description of basic principles of pulse EPR.
• Detailed discussion of selected pulse EPR and ENDOR experiments.
• Illustration of methods with selected applications across various scientific fields.

Main Results:

• Pulse EPR and ENDOR techniques are now frequently applied in chemistry, physics, materials science, biology, and mineralogy.
• The field has experienced rapid expansion due to technological and methodological advancements.
• Selected applications demonstrate the broad potential and utility of pulse EPR and ENDOR.

Conclusions:

• Pulse EPR and ENDOR spectroscopy have evolved into powerful, widely applicable techniques.
• Continued development in instrumentation and pulse sequences drives the expanding use of these methods.
• These spectroscopic methods offer significant potential for diverse scientific investigations.