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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy for a Label-Free Amyloid Structural Characterization
Published on: September 8, 2023
Double Stokes polarimetry of birefringent structures
Viktoras Mazeika1,2, Mykolas Maciulis1, Kamdin Mirsanaye3
1Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-10222, Lithuania.
Abstract:
Birefringence of collagen fibers influences second-harmonic generation (SHG) polarimetric measurements by introducing phase retardation for the incident fundamental beam and the SHG signal. The effect of birefringence on double Stokes polarimetry (DSP) parameters is investigated by imaging unstained rat tail tendon sections of varying thicknesses. In thin sections (≈10 μm thick), birefringence effects can be neglected; however, parameters combining linear and circular polarization states are affected, indicating a presence of complex-valued achiral susceptibility ratio due to fiber chirality. In thicker samples (≈80 μm thick), birefringence significantly affects DSP polarimetric and ultrastructural parameters, although approximate in-plane fiber orientation can still be retrieved. DSP polarimetric parameters enable rapid collagen characterization and are suited for large-area whole-slide investigations in histopathology.
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