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The female athlete.

M P Warren1, S Shantha

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Bailliere'S Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|August 10, 2000
PubMed
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Female athletes experience more menstrual irregularities due to intense training, impacting reproductive health and bone density. These issues, including amenorrhea and the female athletic triad, require careful management.

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Increased female participation in sports over 30 years.
  • Documented menstrual irregularities in female athletes: amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, anovulation.
  • Higher incidence in sports requiring a thin physique.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review menstrual irregularities in female athletes.
  • To discuss hormonal profiles and associated risks.
  • To highlight implications for pregnant athletes and bone health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on female athletes and menstrual function.
  • Analysis of hormonal patterns (hypothalamic amenorrhea profile).
  • Discussion of risks including female athletic triad and pregnancy complications.

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Main Results:

  • Hypothalamic amenorrhea profile involves decreased GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion.
  • Swimmers may exhibit mild hyperandrogenism.
  • Female athletic triad (amenorrhea, osteoporosis, disordered eating) increases stress fracture risk.
  • Pregnancy exercise carries risks like bradycardia; infertility may be reversible.
  • High-impact sports can cause urinary incontinence.

Conclusions:

  • Intensive training in female athletes is linked to diverse menstrual and hormonal disturbances.
  • The female athletic triad poses significant long-term health risks, including bone loss.
  • Management requires consideration of exercise intensity, weight, and individual health status.