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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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What are Cells?01:07

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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
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Concentration Cells02:41

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
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What is Cell Signaling?02:03

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Studying Copper Nanoparticle-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria
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Studying Copper Nanoparticle-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria

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Programmed cell death.

V D Samuilov1, A V Oleskin, E M Lagunova

  • 1Department of Cell Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
|September 26, 2000
PubMed
Summary

This review explores programmed cell death (apoptosis) in animals and plants, contrasting it with necrosis. It details molecular mechanisms, caspase activation, and programmed cell death (PCD) in diverse microorganisms.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Necrosis is a pathological cell death with inflammation in animals.
  • Apoptosis involves cell disintegration into vesicles for phagocytosis in animals.
  • Plants lack phagocytes, and cell walls impede phagocytosis, necessitating distinct PCD mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review programmed cell death (apoptosis) in animals and plants.
  • To examine molecular mechanisms and caspase activation in animal apoptosis.
  • To explore programmed cell death (PCD) processes in various microorganisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing data on apoptosis and PCD.
  • Comparative analysis of cell death mechanisms across species.

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  • Examination of molecular pathways, including caspase activation.

    • Main Results:

    • Apoptosis in animals involves phagocytosis of cell vesicles.
    • Plant PCD differs due to the absence of phagocytes and presence of cell walls.
    • Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in diverse microorganisms via various triggers and pathways.

    Conclusions:

    • Programmed cell death (apoptosis and PCD) is a fundamental biological process with conserved and divergent mechanisms.
    • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comparative biology and medicine.
    • Further research into microbial PCD can reveal novel insights into cell death regulation.