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Smoking and periodontal disease
1Periodontology and Oral Immunology, University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Scotland, UK.
Summary
Smoking significantly increases the risk of periodontal disease, with quitting restoring risk levels to those of non-smokers. This review examines the epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms linking smoking to gum disease.
Area of Science:
- Periodontology
- Oral Health
- Tobacco Research
Background:
- A substantial body of literature exists on the relationship between smoking and periodontal disease.
- Epidemiological studies consistently show a significantly increased risk of periodontal disease in smokers.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the evidence associating smoking with periodontal diseases.
- To elucidate the biological mechanisms through which smoking impacts the periodontium.
Main Methods:
- Review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
- Analysis of data from individuals who have ceased smoking.
- Examination of research on the biological pathways affected by smoking.
Main Results:
- Strong epidemiological evidence indicates smoking confers a considerably increased risk of periodontal disease.
- Individuals who stop smoking exhibit risk levels comparable to non-smokers.
- Smoking affects the vasculature, immune systems (humoral and cellular), and the cytokine and adhesion molecule network.
Conclusions:
- Smoking is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease.
- Quitting smoking appears to mitigate this risk.
- Understanding the biological mechanisms is crucial for prevention and treatment strategies.