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Related Concept Videos

Interphase00:54

Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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Interphase00:56

Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
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Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Mini review: form and function in the human interphase chromosome.

E Chevret1, E V Volpi, D Sheer

  • 1Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom.

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|November 4, 2000
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromosomes organize into territories within the nucleus, influencing gene expression. This review explores how large-scale chromatin folding and nuclear organization regulate transcription at chromosome and domain surfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Interphase chromosomes adopt distinct territories within the nucleus.
  • Chromatin organization plays a crucial role in genome compartmentalization.
  • Understanding large-scale chromatin folding is key to gene expression regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of large-scale chromatin folding in gene expression.
  • To evaluate the hypothesis of transcription occurring at chromosome and domain surfaces.
  • To present current views on chromatin folding and the nuclear matrix.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on chromosome territories and gene regulation.
  • Analysis of evidence supporting hypotheses on transcription locations.
  • Synthesis of prevailing views on chromatin folding mechanisms and nuclear matrix interactions.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports transcription occurring at the external surfaces of chromosomes.
  • The concept has evolved to include transcription at the surfaces of chromatin-rich internal domains.
  • Prevailing views link large-scale chromatin folding to the nuclear matrix for functional insights.

Conclusions:

  • Large-scale chromatin folding and nuclear organization are critical for genome compartmentalization and gene expression.
  • Transcription is spatially regulated, occurring at specific nuclear locations.
  • Further research into chromatin folding and the nuclear matrix is needed to fully elucidate gene regulation.