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Hendra (equine morbillivirus)

A J Barclay1, D J Paton

  • 1Animal Health and Veterinary Group, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1A Page Street, London SW1P 4PQ, UK.

Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)
|November 4, 2000
PubMed
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Hendra virus, a zoonotic disease endemic in fruit bats, can cause severe respiratory illness in horses and humans. Transmission requires close contact, and diagnostic methods are crucial for managing this emerging infectious disease.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Zoonotic Diseases
  • Emerging Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hendra virus (HNV) is a zoonotic pathogen identified in Australia since 1994/5.
  • HNV is endemic in certain fruit bat species and is the type species of a new genus in the Paramyxovirinae subfamily.
  • Hendra virus shares taxonomic proximity with Nipah virus, another newly identified zoonotic bat virus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the understanding of Hendra virus as a zoonotic disease affecting horses and humans.
  • To describe the clinical presentation and transmission dynamics of Hendra virus infections.
  • To highlight the importance of diagnostic methods and precautions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of reported Hendra virus incidents in Australia.

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  • Description of clinical signs in infected horses, experimentally infected animals, and humans.
  • Analysis of transmission pathways between bats, horses, and humans.

    • Main Results:

    • Hendra virus is transmitted from endemic fruit bats to horses, causing severe, often fatal, respiratory and neurological disease.
    • Experimental infections caused fatal respiratory disease in cats and guinea pigs.
    • Limited human cases (three) occurred through close contact with infected horses, resulting in two fatalities (respiratory failure and encephalitis).
    • No evidence of widespread subclinical infection in horses was found.

    Conclusions:

    • Hendra virus poses a significant zoonotic risk, primarily through close contact with infected horses.
    • Effective diagnostic methods are essential for case management and control.
    • Continued surveillance and understanding of transmission are critical for public and animal health.