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Brain mineral concentrations in canine cognitive dysfunction.

Belén Larrán1, Marta López-Alonso1, Marta Miranda2

  • 1Institute for Research in Global Health and Sustainable Development, iTERRA, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.

Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mineral imbalances in the brain are linked to canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), a condition similar to Alzheimer's disease. CCD dogs showed lower levels of essential minerals and higher levels of toxic metals in specific brain regions.

Keywords:
AgingDementiaHeavy metalsNeurodegenerationTrace elements

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder in aging dogs, mirroring aspects of human Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Mineral dyshomeostasis is implicated in AD pathogenesis, but its role in CCD is not well understood.
  • Investigating brain mineral profiles in CCD may reveal key pathological mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate regional brain mineral concentrations in dogs with CCD compared to cognitively healthy aging dogs.
  • To determine if specific mineral alterations correlate with CCD diagnosis and affected brain regions.
  • To explore the potential link between mineral dyshomeostasis and CCD pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study analyzing brain tissue from 24 CCD dogs and 15 non-CCD dogs.
  • Analysis of 20 minerals in four cortical regions (prefrontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) and the cerebellum using plasma-based optical techniques and mass spectrometry.
  • Diagnosis of CCD confirmed by questionnaires, examination, and exclusion of other neurological diseases.

Main Results:

  • CCD dogs exhibited significantly lower concentrations of essential minerals (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn) and higher levels of toxic metals (Cd, Mo, Ni, Pb) in specific brain regions compared to non-CCD dogs.
  • The prefrontal cortex showed the most significant mineral alterations, consistent with its early involvement in CCD.
  • Principal component analysis successfully distinguished CCD from non-CCD dogs based on mineral profiles, with the cerebellum clustering separately.

Conclusions:

  • Regional brain mineral alterations, including deficiencies in essential trace elements and accumulation of toxic metals, are associated with canine cognitive dysfunction.
  • These findings support a link between disrupted mineral homeostasis and the pathogenesis of CCD.
  • The observed mineral imbalances may have functional implications for neuronal signaling and antioxidant defense, warranting further research.