Axonal flip-flops and oscillators
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Updated: Oct 10, 2026

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice
Published on: June 29, 2018
1Dept of Biology, Medawar Building, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
Abstract:
The strange and unpleasant sensations (paraesthesiae) or asynchronous motor-unit activation (fasciculation) that result from a period of limb ischaemia are examples of ectopic discharge in peripheral nerves. Ectopic activity also results from demyelination and is associated with serious neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis. A build-up of extracellular K(+) in the internode and persistent Na(+) currents are now implicated in generating the different forms of activity arising in normal and demyelinated axons.
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