Orthogonal protecting groups for N(alpha)-amino and C-terminal carboxyl functions in solid-phase peptide synthesis

For the controlled synthesis of even the simplest dipeptide, the N(alpha)-amino group of one of the amino acids and the C-terminal carboxyl group of the other should both be blocked with suitable protecting groups. Formation of the desired amide bond can now occur upon activation of the free carboxyl group. After coupling, peptide synthesis can be continued by removal of either of the two protecting groups and coupling with the free C-terminus or N(alpha)-amino group of another protected amino acid. When three functional amino acids are present in the sequence, the side chain of these residues also has to be protected. It is important that there is a high degree of compatibility between the different types of protecting groups such that one type may be removed selectively in the presence of the others. At the end of the synthesis, the protecting groups must be removed to give the desired peptide. Thus, it is clear that the protection scheme adopted is of the utmost importance and makes the difference between success and failure in a given synthesis. Since R. B. Merrifield introduced the solid-phase strategy for the synthesis of peptides, this prerequisite has been readily accepted. This strategy is usually carried out using two main protection schemes: the tert-butoxycarbonyl/benzyl and the 9-flourenylmethoxycarbonyl/tert-butyl methods. However, for the solid-phase preparation of complex or fragile peptides, as well as for the construction of libraries of peptides or small molecules using a combinatorial approach, a range of other protecting groups is also needed. This review summarizes other protecting groups for both the N(alpha)-amino and C-terminal carboxyl functions.