Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Measurement of associated Z + charm production in proton-proton collisions at <math> </math> <math></math>.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2019

Same author

Search for new physics in events with a leptonically decaying Z boson and a large transverse momentum imbalance in proton-proton collisions at <math></math> = 13 <math></math>.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2019

Same author

Measurement of exclusive <math></math> photoproduction from protons in <math></math> Pb collisions at <math> </math>.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2019

Same author

Search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to a pair of bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at <math> </math>.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2019

Same author

Search for resonant production of second-generation sleptons with same-sign dimuon events in proton-proton collisions at <math> </math>.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2019

Same author

Measurements of the <math></math> production cross section and the <math></math> branching fraction, and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings at <math> </math>.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2019

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Dried Blood Spots - Preparing and Processing for Use in Immunoassays and in Molecular Techniques

Dried Blood Spots - Preparing and Processing for Use in Immunoassays and in Molecular Techniques

Published on: March 13, 2015

Serological pattern "anti-HBc alone": report on a workshop.

P Grob¹, W Jilg, H Bornhak

¹Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland.

Journal of Medical Virology

|November 14, 2000

Summary

Individuals with isolated hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) may have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and can be infectious. Further research is needed on clinical aspects and transmission risks.

More Related Videos

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

A Multiplex Serological Assay for the Detection of Antibody Responses to Arboviruses

A Multiplex Serological Assay for the Detection of Antibody Responses to Arboviruses

Published on: November 4, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Dried Blood Spots - Preparing and Processing for Use in Immunoassays and in Molecular Techniques

Dried Blood Spots - Preparing and Processing for Use in Immunoassays and in Molecular Techniques

Published on: March 13, 2015

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

A Multiplex Serological Assay for the Detection of Antibody Responses to Arboviruses

A Multiplex Serological Assay for the Detection of Antibody Responses to Arboviruses

Published on: November 4, 2025

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Virology
Immunology

Background:

Isolated "anti-HBc alone" antibody is detected in 1-4% of the general population in low endemicity areas.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA is found in about 10% of these individuals, with higher rates in those coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
A small proportion represent the window phase or late immunity, but many likely have unresolved or low-grade chronic HBV infection.

Framework:

This study reviews current knowledge on the clinical significance of isolated "anti-HBc alone" positivity.
It highlights the limited existing research on the clinical aspects of individuals with suspected chronic HBV infection and isolated anti-HBc.
The focus is on understanding the implications of this serological marker.

Implementation:

Analysis of existing data on HBV DNA detection rates in isolated anti-HBc positive individuals.
Review of clinical presentations, including asymptomatic carriers and those with chronic hepatitis.
Assessment of potential HBV transmission through sexual contact, perinatal routes, and blood recipients.

Implications:

Individuals with isolated anti-HBc can be infectious, posing risks for transmission.
Recommendations are provided for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in managing these individuals.
Guidelines are suggested for blood banking and transplantation services to mitigate transmission risks.