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01:27Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream
Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
During this process, the momentum of the fluid within the control volume remains constant over the time interval dt. By applying the...
During this process, the momentum of the fluid within the control volume remains constant over the time interval dt. By applying the...
01:17Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates
Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
01:18Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving
To calculate the flow rate for a trapezoidal channel, first, identify the bottom width, side slope, and flow depth of the channel. The cross-sectional area (A) corresponding to the depth of flow (y), channel bottom width (B), and side slope (θ) is determined by:Next, calculate the wetted perimeter, which includes the bottom width and the sloped side lengths in contact with the water. Using the values of the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, determine the hydraulic radius by...
01:29Gradually Varying Flow
Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
01:24Rapidly Varying Flow
Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
01:30Underflow Gates
Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and Drowned...
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 11, 2026
10:32
Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments
Published on: July 20, 2017
Jamming of Granular Flow in a Two-Dimensional Hopper.
Physical Review Letters
|January 3, 2001
Summary
Granular flow jamming in hoppers is studied. Jamming probability decreases as hopper opening size increases, explained by random walker models of arch formation.
Area of Science:
- Physics
- Materials Science
- Fluid Dynamics
Background:
- Granular flow is crucial in various industrial processes.
- Understanding jamming is key to controlling material flow.
- Hopper geometry significantly influences granular flow behavior.
Purpose of the Study:
- To experimentally investigate the jamming phenomenon in 2D granular flow.
- To quantify the relationship between hopper geometry and jamming probability.
- To develop a theoretical model for predicting granular flow jamming.
Main Methods:
- Experimental setup using monodisperse disks (D=5 mm) in a 2D hopper.
- Measurement of jamming probability J(d) as a function of hopper opening to disk diameter ratio (d=R/D).
- Analysis of disk configurations during jamming events to observe arch formation.
Main Results:
- Jamming probability J(d) was found to decrease from 1 to 0 as d increased from 2 to 5.
- Observed arch configurations in jamming events provided insights into flow blockage.
- Quantitative explanation of jamming probability using a restricted random walker model.
Conclusions:
- Hopper geometry is a critical factor in granular flow jamming.
- The restricted random walker model successfully explains the observed jamming probabilities.
- This study provides a framework for predicting and controlling granular flow in hoppers.