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Related Experiment Videos

Divided attention during encoding and retrieval: differential control effects?

F I Craik1, M Naveh-Benjamin, G Ishaik

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. craik@psych.utoronto.ca

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|February 24, 2001
PubMed
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Divided attention (DA) during memory retrieval has minimal impact on recall, unlike during encoding where it significantly impairs memory. This finding holds true regardless of who controls stimulus presentation speed.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Divided attention (DA) during memory encoding detrimentally affects recall.
  • DA during memory retrieval has a less pronounced effect on recall.
  • This asymmetry may stem from differences in stimulus control between encoding and retrieval phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of stimulus presentation control (experimenter vs. participant) on the asymmetry of divided attention effects during memory encoding and retrieval.
  • To determine if participant control over retrieval operations explains the resilience of memory recall under divided attention.

Main Methods:

  • Paired-associate word lists were used for learning and recall tasks.
  • Stimulus presentation was manipulated: either a fixed 4-s rate (experimenter-controlled) or participant-controlled.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Divided attention conditions were applied during both encoding and retrieval phases.

    • Main Results:

    • The finding that divided attention during retrieval has less impact than during encoding was consistent across all experimental conditions.
    • Participant control over stimulus presentation did not alter the observed asymmetry in divided attention effects.
    • Recall levels remained higher for divided attention during retrieval compared to encoding.

    Conclusions:

    • The asymmetry in divided attention effects on memory encoding versus retrieval is robust and not solely explained by differences in stimulus presentation control.
    • These findings contribute to understanding the distinct mechanisms underlying memory encoding and retrieval processes.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the factors contributing to this attentional asymmetry in memory.